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domingo, 17 de maio de 2020

Linux.Agent Malware Sample - Data Stealer

Research: SentinelOne, Tim Strazzere Hiding in plain sight?
Sample credit: Tim Strazzere

List of files

9f7ead4a7e9412225be540c30e04bf98dbd69f62b8910877f0f33057ca153b65 malware
d507119f6684c2d978129542f632346774fa2e96cf76fa77f377d130463e9c2c malware
fddb36800fbd0a9c9bfffb22ce7eacbccecd1c26b0d3fb3560da5e9ed97ec14c script.decompiled-pretty
ec5d4f90c91273b3794814be6b6257523d5300c28a492093e4fa1743291858dc script.decompiled-raw
4d46893167464852455fce9829d4f9fcf3cce171c6f1a9c70ee133f225444d37 script.dumped

malware_a3dad000efa7d14c236c8018ad110144
malware fcbfb234b912c84e052a4a393c516c78
script.decompiled-pretty aab8ea012eafddabcdeee115ecc0e9b5
script.decompiled-raw ae0ea319de60dae6d3e0e58265e0cfcc
script.dumped b30df2e63bd4f35a32f9ea9b23a6f9e7

Download

Download. Email me if you need the password

Make sure Windows 10 64-bit is compatible with your PC

A 64-bit version of Windows can only be installed on computers with capable hardware. As such, the first thing you need to do is to determine whether your computer has a 64-bit processor.

You can easily get this information from the Settings app.

Use the Windows key + I keyboard shortcut to open the Settings app.
Click System.
Click About.
Under System type, you will see two pieces of information: if it says 32-bit operating system, x64-based processor, then it means that your PC is running a 32-bit version of Windows 10 on a 64-bit processor. If it says 32-bit operating system, x86-based processor, then your computer doesn't support Windows 10 (64-bit).

Make Sure Your Processor is 64-bit Capable

First thing's first. Before even thinking of upgrading to 64-bit Windows, you'll need to confirm that the CPU in your computer is 64-bit capable. To do so, head to Settings > System > About. On the right-hand side of the window, look for the "System type" entry.

You'll see one of three things here:

64-bit operating system, x64-based processor. Your CPU does support 64-bit and you already have the 64-bit version of Windows installed.
32-bit operating system, x86-based processor. Your CPU does not support 64-bit and you have the 32-bit version of Windows installed.
32-bit operating system, x64-based processor. Your CPU supports 64-bit, but you have the 32-bit version of Windows installed.

If you see the first entry on your system, you don't really need this article. If you see the second entry, you won't be able to install the 64-bit version of Windows on your system at all. But if you see the last entry on your system—"32-bit operating system, x64-based processor"—then you're in luck. This means you're using a 32-bit version of Windows 10 but your CPU can run a 64-bit version, so if you see it, it's time to move on to the next section.
Make Sure Your PC's Hardware Has 64-bit Drivers Available

Even if your processor is 64-bit compatible, you might want to consider whether your computer's hardware will work properly with a 64-bit version of Windows. 64-bit versions of Windows require 64-bit hardware drivers, and the 32-bit versions you're using on your current Windows 10 system won't work.

Modern hardware should certainly offer 64-bit drivers, but very old hardware may no longer be supported and the manufacturer may have never offered 64-bit drivers. To check for this, you can visit the manufacturer's driver download web pages for your hardware and see if 64-bit drivers are available. You shouldn't necessarily need to download these from the manufacturer's website, though. They are likely included with Windows 10 or automatically will be downloaded from Windows Update. But old hardware—for example, a particularly ancient printer—simply may not offer 64-bit drivers.

Upgrade by Performing a Clean Install

You'll need to perform a clean install to get to the 64-bit version of Windows 10 from the 32-bit one. Unfortunately, there's no direct upgrade path.

Warning: Back up your important files before continuing and also make sure you have what you need to reinstall your programs. This process will wipe your whole hard disk, including Windows, installed programs, and personal files.

First, if you haven't upgraded to Windows 10 yet, you'll need to use the upgrade tool to upgrade. You'll get the 32-bit version of Windows 10 if you were previously using a 32-bit version of Windows 7 or 8.1. But the upgrade process will give your PC a Windows 10 license. After upgrading, be sure to check that your current 32-bit version of Windows 10 is activated under Settings > Update & security > Activation.

Once you're using an activated version of the 32-bit Windows 10, download the Windows 10 media creation tool from Microsoft. If you're using the 32-bit version of Windows 10 at the moment, you'll have to download and run the 32-bit tool.

When you run the tool, select "Create installation media for another PC" and use the tool to create a USB drive or burn a disc with Windows 10. As you click through the wizard, you'll be asked whether you want to create 32-bit or 64-bit installation media. Select the "64-bit (x64)" architecture.

Next, restart your computer (you did back everything up, right?) and boot from the installation media. Install the 64-bit Windows 10, selecting "Custom install" and overwriting your current version of Windows. When you're asked to insert a product key, skip the process and continue. You'll have to skip two of these prompts in total. After you reach the desktop, Windows 10 will automatically check in with Microsoft and activate itself. You'll now be running the 64-bit edition of Windows on your PC.

If you want to go back to the 32-bit version of Windows, you'll need to download the media creation tool—the 64-bit version, if you're running the 64-bit version of Windows 10—and use it to create 32-bit installation media. Boot from that installation media and do another clean install—this time installing the 32-bit version over the 64-bit version.

Final Words :

Finally, you are aware of the way through which you could be able to switch from the 32-bit windows to 64-bit windows really easily. There will be no difference in the functions or the working of the windows yet the only change that you will get is the more advanced architecture that is compatible with numerous high-end apps. If you are thinking to switch your windows to the 64-bit version then make sure you first check for your hardware compatibility. Hopefully, you would have liked the information of this post, please share this post with others if you really liked it. Provide us your valuable views regarding this post through using the comments section below. At last nevertheless thanks for reading this post!

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sábado, 16 de maio de 2020

Vulcan DoS Vs Akamai

In the past I had to do several DoS security audits, with múltiples types of tests and intensities. Sometimes several DDoS protections were present like Akamai for static content, and Arbor for absorb part of the bandwith.

One consideration for the DoS/DDoS tools is that probably it will loss the control of the attacker host, and the tool at least has to be able to stop automatically with a timeout, but can also implement remote response checks.

In order to size the minimum mbps needed to flood a service or to retard the response in a significant amount of time, the attacker hosts need a bandwith limiter, that increments in a logarithmic way up to a limit agreed with the customer/isp/cpd.

There are DoS tools that doesn't have this timeouts, and bandwith limit based on mbps, for that reason I have to implement a LD_PRELOAD based solution: bwcontrol

Although there are several good tools for stressing web servers and web aplications like apache ab, or other common tools used for pen-testing, but I also wrote a fast web flooder in c++ named wflood.

As expected the most effective for taking down the web server are the slow-loris, slow-read and derivatives, few host were needed to DoS an online banking.

Remote attacks to database and highly dynamic web content were discarded, that could be impacted for sure.

I did another tool in c++ for crafting massive tcp/udp/ip malformed packets, that impacted sometimes on load balancers and firewalls, it was vulcan, it freezed even the firewall client software.

The funny thing was that the common attacks against Akamai hosts, where ineffective, and so does the slow-loris family of attacks, because are common, and the Akamai nginx webservers are well tunned. But when tried vulcan, few intensity was enough to crash Akamai hosts.

Another attack vector for static sites was trying to locate the IP of the customer instead of Akamai, if the customer doesn't use the Akamai Shadow service, it's possible to perform a HTTP Host header scan, and direct the attack to that host bypassing Akamai.

And what about Arbor protection? is good for reducing the flood but there are other kind of attacks, and this protection use to be disabled by default and in local holidays can be a mess.

More information

How To Crack A Password

What is Password Cracking?

Password cracking is the process of attempting to gain Unauthorized access to restricted systems using common passwords or algorithms that guess passwords. In other words, it's an art of obtaining the correct password that gives access to a system protected by an authentication method.

Password cracking employs a number of techniques to achieve its goals. The cracking process can involve either comparing stored passwords against word list or use algorithms to generate passwords that match

In this Tutorial, we will introduce you to the common password cracking techniques and the countermeasures you can implement to protect systems against such attacks.

Topics covered in this tutorial

What is password strength?

Password strength is the measure of a password's efficiency to resist password cracking attacks. The strength of a password is determined by;

Length: the number of characters the password contains.
Complexity: does it use a combination of letters, numbers, and symbol?
Unpredictability: is it something that can be guessed easily by an attacker?

Let's now look at a practical example. We will use three passwords namely

1. password

2. password1

3. #password1$

For this example, we will use the password strength indicator of Cpanel when creating passwords. The images below show the password strengths of each of the above-listed passwords.

Note: the password used is password the strength is 1, and it's very weak.

Note: the password used is password1 the strength is 28, and it's still weak.

Note: The password used is #password1$ the strength is 60 and it's strong.

The higher the strength number, better the password.

Let's suppose that we have to store our above passwords using md5 encryption. We will use an online md5 hash generator to convert our passwords into md5 hashes.

The table below shows the password hashes

Password	MD5 Hash	Cpanel Strength Indicator
password	5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf99	1
password1	7c6a180b36896a0a8c02787eeafb0e4c	28
#password1$	29e08fb7103c327d68327f23d8d9256c	60

We will now use http://www.md5this.com/ to crack the above hashes. The images below show the password cracking results for the above passwords.

As you can see from the above results, we managed to crack the first and second passwords that had lower strength numbers. We didn't manage to crack the third password which was longer, complex and unpredictable. It had a higher strength number.

Password cracking techniques

There are a number of techniques that can be used to crack passwords. We will describe the most commonly used ones below;

Dictionary attack– This method involves the use of a wordlist to compare against user passwords.
Brute force attack– This method is similar to the dictionary attack. Brute force attacks use algorithms that combine alpha-numeric characters and symbols to come up with passwords for the attack. For example, a password of the value "password" can also be tried as p@$$word using the brute force attack.
Rainbow table attack– This method uses pre-computed hashes. Let's assume that we have a database which stores passwords as md5 hashes. We can create another database that has md5 hashes of commonly used passwords. We can then compare the password hash we have against the stored hashes in the database. If a match is found, then we have the password.
Guess– As the name suggests, this method involves guessing. Passwords such as qwerty, password, admin, etc. are commonly used or set as default passwords. If they have not been changed or if the user is careless when selecting passwords, then they can be easily compromised.
Spidering– Most organizations use passwords that contain company information. This information can be found on company websites, social media such as facebook, twitter, etc. Spidering gathers information from these sources to come up with word lists. The word list is then used to perform dictionary and brute force attacks.

Spidering sample dictionary attack wordlist

1976 <founder birth year>

smith jones <founder name>

acme <company name/initials>

built|to|last <words in company vision/mission>

golfing|chess|soccer <founders hobbies

Password cracking tool

These are software programs that are used to crack user passwords. We already looked at a similar tool in the above example on password strengths. The website www.md5this.com uses a rainbow table to crack passwords. We will now look at some of the commonly used tools

John the Ripper

John the Ripper uses the command prompt to crack passwords. This makes it suitable for advanced users who are comfortable working with commands. It uses to wordlist to crack passwords. The program is free, but the word list has to be bought. It has free alternative word lists that you can use. Visit the product website http://www.openwall.com/john/ for more information and how to use it.

Cain & Abel

Cain & Abel runs on windows. It is used to recover passwords for user accounts, recovery of Microsoft Access passwords; networking sniffing, etc. Unlike John the Ripper, Cain & Abel uses a graphic user interface. It is very common among newbies and script kiddies because of its simplicity of use. Visit the product website http://www.softpedia.com/get/Security/Decrypting-Decoding/Cain-and-Abel.shtml for more information and how to use it.

Ophcrack

Ophcrack is a cross-platform Windows password cracker that uses rainbow tables to crack passwords. It runs on Windows, Linux and Mac OS. It also has a module for brute force attacks among other features. Visit the product website http://ophcrack.sourceforge.net/ for more information and how to use it.

Password Cracking Counter Measures

An organization can use the following methods to reduce the chances of the passwords been cracked
Avoid short and easily predicable passwords
Avoid using passwords with predictable patterns such as 11552266.
Passwords stored in the database must always be encrypted. For md5 encryptions, its better to salt the password hashes before storing them. Salting involves adding some word to the provided password before creating the hash.
Most registration systems have password strength indicators, organizations must adopt policies that favor high password strength numbers.

Hacking Activity: Hack Now!

In this practical scenario, we are going to crack Windows account with a simple password. Windows uses NTLM hashes to encrypt passwords. We will use the NTLM cracker tool in Cain and Abel to do that.

Cain and Abel cracker can be used to crack passwords using;

Dictionary attack
Brute force
Cryptanalysis

We will use the dictionary attack in this example. You will need to download the dictionary attack wordlist here 10k-Most-Common.zip

For this demonstration, we have created an account called Accounts with the password qwerty on Windows 7.

Password cracking steps

Open Cain and Abel, you will get the following main screen

Make sure the cracker tab is selected as shown above
Click on the Add button on the toolbar.

The following dialog window will appear

The local user accounts will be displayed as follows. Note the results shown will be of the user accounts on your local machine.

Right click on the account you want to crack. For this tutorial, we will use Accounts as the user account.

The following screen will appear

Right click on the dictionary section and select Add to list menu as shown above
Browse to the 10k most common.txt file that you just downloaded

Click on start button
If the user used a simple password like qwerty, then you should be able to get the following results.

Note: the time taken to crack the password depends on the password strength, complexity and processing power of your machine.
If the password is not cracked using a dictionary attack, you can try brute force or cryptanalysis attacks.

Summary

Password cracking is the art of recovering stored or transmitted passwords.
Password strength is determined by the length, complexity, and unpredictability of a password value.
Common password techniques include dictionary attacks, brute force, rainbow tables, spidering and cracking.
Password cracking tools simplify the process of cracking passwords.

@EVERYTHING NT

sexta-feira, 15 de maio de 2020

HACK SNAPCHAT ACCOUNT BY MAC SPOOFING

In the last article, I have discussed a method on how to hack SnapChat account using SpyStealth Premium App. In this article, I am gonna show you an advanced method that how to hack SnapChat account by mac spoofing. It works same as WhatsApp hacking by mac spoofing. It's a bit more complicated than the last method discussed and requires proper attention. It involves the spoofing of the mac address of the target device. Let's move on how to perform the attack.

HOW TO HACK SNAPCHAT ACCOUNT BY MAC SPOOFING?

Note: This method will work if SnapChat is created on a phone number.

Here I will show you complete tutorial step by step of hacking the SnapChat account. Just understand each step carefully.

Find out the victim's phone and note down it's Mac address. To get the mac address in Android devices, go to Settings > About Phone > Status > Wifi Mac address. And here you'll see the mac address. Just write it somewhere. We'll use it in the upcoming steps.
As you get the target's mac address, you have to change your phone's mac address with the target's mac address. Perform the steps mentioned in this article on how to spoof mac address in android phones.
Now install SnapChat on your phone and use victim's number while you're creating an account. It'll send a verification code to victim's phone. Just grab the code and enter it here.
Once you do that, it'll set all and you'll get all chats and messages which victims sends or receives.

This method is really a good one but very difficult for the non-technical users. Only use this method if you're technical skills and have time to perform every step carefully. Otherwise, you can hack SnapChat account using Spying app.

Top Linux Commands Related To Hardware With Descriptive Definitions

Commands in Linux are just the keys to explore and close the Linux. As you can do things manually by simple clicking over the programs just like windows to open an applications. But if you don't have any idea about commands of Linux and definitely you also don't know about the Linux terminal. You cannot explore Linux deeply. Because terminal is the brain of the Linux and you can do everything by using Linux terminal in any Linux distribution. So, if you wanna work over the Linux distro then you should know about the commands as well. In this blog you will exactly get the content about Linux hardware commands which are related to CPU and memory processes.

dmesg

The dmesg command is used in Linux distribution for the sake of detecting hardware and boot messages in the Linux system.

cat /proc/cpuinfo

The cat command is basically used to read something over the terminal like cat index.py will display all the content which exist in index.py over the terminal. So cat /proc/cpuinfo will display the model of the CPU over the terminal.

cat /proc/meminfo

This command is similar to the above command but the only difference is that this command shows the information of hardware memory over the terminal. Because it will open the memory info file over the terminal.

cat /proc/interrupts

This command is also similar to the above command but there is the difference of one thing that this command will display lists the number of interrupts per CPU per input output device.

lshw

This command is used in Linux operating system to displays information on hardware configuration of the system in Linux.

lsblk

The "lsblk" command is used in Linux operating system to displays block device related information in the Linux operating system.

dmidecode

The "dmidecode" command is used in Linux distributions to display the information about hardware from the BIOS.

hdparm -i /dev/sda

The hdparm command basically used to display the information about the disks available in the system. If you wanna know the information about the "sda" disk so just type "hdparm -i /dev/sda" and if you wanna know the information about "sdb" so just type "hdparm -i /dev/sdb".

hdparm -tT

The "hdparm" command is used for displaying the information about disks as we discussed in above command. If you wanna do a read speed test on the disk sda or sdb just type the command "hdparm -tT /dev/sda".

badblocks -s /dev/sda

This command is used in linux to display test operations for unreadable blocks on disk sda. If the command is like "badblocks -s /dev/sdb" it will display test operations for unreadable blocks on disk sdb.More articles

Osueta: A Simple Python Script To Exploit The OpenSSH User Enumeration Timing Attack

About Osueta?
Osueta it's a simple Python 2 script to exploit the OpenSSH User Enumeration Timing Attack, present in OpenSSH versions <= 7.2 and >= 5.*. The script has the ability to make variations of the username employed in the bruteforce attack, and the possibility to establish a DoS condition in the OpenSSH server.

Read more: OpenSSH User Enumeration Time-Based Attack

The bug was corrected in OpenSSH version 7.3.

Authors of Osueta:

c0r3dump3d: coredump@autistici.org
rofen: rofen@gmx.de

Osueta's Installation
For Linux users, open your Terminal and enter these commands:
If you're Windows users, follow these steps:

Install Python 2.7.x from Python.org first. On Install Python 2.7.x Setup, choose Add python.exe to Path.
Download Osueta-master zip file.
Then unzip it.
Open CMD or PowerShell window at the Osueta folder you have just unzipped and enter these commands:
pip install python-nmap paramiko IPy
python osueta.py -h

Advice: Like others offensive tools, the authors disclaims all responsibility in the use of this script.

Osueta help menu:

Osueta's examples:
A single user enumeration attempt with username variations:
python2 osueta.py -H 192.168.1.6 -p 22 -U root -d 30 -v yes

A single user enumeration attempt with no user variations a DoS attack:
python2 osueta.py -H 192.168.1.6 -p 22 -U root -d 30 -v no --dos yes

Scanning a C class network with only one user:
python2 osueta.py -H 192.168.1.0/24 -p 22 -U root -v no

Scanning a C class network with usernames from a file, delay time 15 seconds and a password of 50000 characters:
python2 osueta.py -H 192.168.1.0/24 -p 22 -L usernames.txt -v yes -d 15 -l 50

Download Osueta

Related posts

NcN 2015 CTF - theAnswer Writeup

1. Overview

Is an elf32 static and stripped binary, but the good news is that it was compiled with gcc and it will not have shitty runtimes and libs to fingerprint, just the libc ... and libprhrhead
This binary is writed by Ricardo J Rodrigez

When it's executed, it seems that is computing the flag:

But this process never ends .... let's see what strace say:

There is a thread deadlock, maybe the start point can be looking in IDA the xrefs of 0x403a85
Maybe we can think about an encrypted flag that is not decrypting because of the lock.

This can be solved in two ways:

static: understanding the cryptosystem and programming our own decryptor
dynamic: fixing the the binary and running it (hard: antidebug, futex, rands ...)

At first sight I thought that dynamic approach were quicker, but it turned more complex than the static approach.

2. Static approach

Crawling the xrefs to the futex, it is possible to locate the main:

With libc/libpthread function fingerprinting or a bit of manual work, we have the symbols, here is the main, where 255 threads are created and joined, when the threads end, the xor key is calculated and it calls the print_flag:

The code of the thread is passed to the libc_pthread_create, IDA recognize this area as data but can be selected as code and function.

This is the thread code decompiled, where we can observe two infinite loops for ptrace detection and preload (although is static) this antidebug/antihook are easy to detect at this point.

we have to observe the important thing, is the key random?? well, with the same seed the random sequence will be the same, then the key is "hidden" in the predictability of the random.

If the threads are not executed on the creation order, the key will be wrong because is xored with the th_id which is the identify of current thread.

The print_key function, do the xor between the key and the flag_cyphertext byte by byte.

And here we have the seed and the first bytes of the cypher-text:

With radare we can convert this to a c variable quickly:

And here is the flag cyphertext:

And with some radare magics, we have the c initialized array:

radare, is full featured :)

With a bit of rand() calibration here is the solution ...

The code:
https://github.com/NocONName/CTF_NcN2k15/blob/master/theAnswer/solution.c

3. The Dynamic Approach

First we have to patch the anti-debugs, on beginning of the thread there is two evident anti-debugs (well anti preload hook and anti ptrace debugging) the infinite loop also makes the anti-debug more evident:

There are also a third anti-debug, a bit more silent, if detects a debugger trough the first available descriptor, and here comes the fucking part, don't crash the execution, the execution continues but the seed is modified a bit, then the decryption key will not be ok.

Ok, the seed is incremented by one, this could be a normal program feature, but this is only triggered if the fileno(open("/","r")) > 3 this is a well known anti-debug, that also can be seen from a traced execution.

Ok, just one byte patch, seed+=1 to seed+=0, (add eax, 1 to add eax, 0)

before:

after:

To patch the two infinite loops, just nop the two bytes of each jmp $-0

Ok, but repairing this binary is harder than building a decryptor, we need to fix more things:

The sleep(randInt(1,3)) of the beginning of the thread to execute the threads in the correct order
Modify the pthread_cond_wait to avoid the futex()
We also need to calibrate de rand() to get the key (just patch the sleep and add other rand() before the pthread_create loop

Adding the extra rand() can be done with a patch because from gdb is not possible to make a call rand() in this binary.

With this modifications, the binary will print the key by itself.

domingo, 17 de maio de 2020

Related links

Make sure Windows 10 64-bit is compatible with your PC

Make Sure Your Processor is 64-bit Capable

You'll see one of three things here:

Upgrade by Performing a Clean Install

Final Words :

sábado, 16 de maio de 2020

What is Password Cracking?

Topics covered in this tutorial

What is password strength?

Password cracking techniques

Password cracking tool

Password Cracking Counter Measures

Hacking Activity: Hack Now!

Password cracking steps

Summary

Related links

sexta-feira, 15 de maio de 2020

HOW TO HACK SNAPCHAT ACCOUNT BY MAC SPOOFING?

Related links

dmesg

cat /proc/cpuinfo

cat /proc/meminfo

cat /proc/interrupts

lshw

lsblk

dmidecode

hdparm -i /dev/sda

hdparm -tT

badblocks -s /dev/sda

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